An Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) is an official document that shows how energy efficient a building is. It gives a rating from A (most efficient) to G (least efficient), estimates typical energy use and costs, and lists improvements that could raise the rating.
When you need one
An EPC is needed when a property is built, sold or rented out. It must be ordered before the property is marketed, and the seller, landlord or letting agent has to show it to prospective buyers or tenants. You can be fined for not having one when it is required.
| Detail | Rule |
|---|---|
| Rating scale | A (best) to G (worst) |
| Validity | 10 years |
| Who produces it | An accredited energy assessor |
| Finding an existing one | Free to check and download on GOV.UK |
Some buildings are exempt, including stand-alone buildings under 50 square metres, places of worship and temporary buildings used for less than two years. In Scotland, the EPC must also be displayed somewhere in the property, such as next to the boiler.
Rules for rented homes
In England and Wales, privately rented homes must currently have an EPC rating of at least E unless a valid exemption applies. Landlords are not required to spend more than £3,500 including VAT on improvements to reach it.
In January 2026 the government confirmed a higher standard: the equivalent of EPC C by 1 October 2030, with the spending cap rising to £10,000.
Why it matters
The rating gives buyers and tenants a quick way to compare likely heating costs between homes. Its recommendations, such as insulation, heating upgrades or solar panels, are a starting point for planning work, although the estimates are based on standard assumptions rather than how a household actually uses energy. Rules for landlords and grant schemes change, so check GOV.UK for the current position; this is general information, not advice.
Read more: Renewable energy at home: what works in a UK house.